Short Film

Introduction

Any film with a runtime that is too short to be categorized as a feature film is referred to as a short film. A short film is described as an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. From the 1920s until the 1970s, American Short Films that were limited to two or less 35 mm reels were referred to as short subjects, and films with three or more reels were referred to as featurettes. Short films are typically produced by independent filmmakers on a shoestring or no budget at all, and they are frequently exhibited at regional, national, or international film festivals. Usually, sponsors, nonprofits, film grants, or private monies are used to fund them. Short films are typically made to gain experience in  the film industry and serve as a showcase for talent in order to attract finance for subsequent projects from individuals, a film production firm, or movie studios.

Emergence of Short Films

All movies in the early days of film were very short, sometimes just a minute or two. It was not until the 1910s when films started to get longer than about ten minutes. It was through the invention of Thomas Edison's machine, called a kinetoscope that first  series of films were shown in 1894. It's been made for you to view alone. Comedy short films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffith's, The Birth of a Nation.

Short comedies were particularly popular and came in serial or series form for example, The Our Gang movies or the many adventures of Charlie Chaplin’s character, Little Tramp. With the advent of television, commercial live action short films became almost extinct; in 1956, most studios cancelled their live action series. The only band that continued to make two reels comedies was The Three Stooges; their last film was released in 1958. Short films became a tool for students, independent and specialized work. Cartoon short film also had a longer shelf life, partly because of the introduction of cheaper limited animation techniques, and partly because television animation began to take off, allowing shorts to have a theatrical run as well as a syndication run. One of the most successful studios of the golden age, Warner Bros., went through several changes in the 60s before ceasing to make short films in 1969 (the shorts had already been in TV reruns for many years).

MGM went on to make Tom and Jerry, first with a run of low-rated Eastern European shorts from Gene Deitch (and then with a better run from Warner Bros. alum Chuck Jones), until 1967; the latter ran until 1972. By the 1960’s, the animated shorts market had largely moved to television, and existing theatrical shorts were syndicated to TV.

Modern Era:

Some commercial mainstream distribution of animated short films continues. For instance, from 1995 (and continuously since 2001), Pixar has screened its short films before to each of its movie' first theatrical releases. Disney began producing animated films starting in 2007 after it acquired Pixar in 2006, including the funny short How to the How. As popular videos on YouTube, Connect Your Home Theater created a number of live-action films starring The Muppets to advertise the 2011 YouTube movie of the same name.

When a feature film or other work does not suit the usual broadcast schedule, shorts are periodically aired as filler. The first television station devoted to short films was called Shorts TV. However, in order to find an audience, short films typically rely on display at film festivals. The International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, Germany (since 1954), Tampere Film Festival, Finland (since 1969), and Clermont-Ferrand, France (since 1979) are some of the earliest short film festivals. They are all still regarded as the most significant short film festivals ever held.

Types of Short Film

There are 3 types of Short Films

Live-Action Short:  

A scripted short film that uses live actors is known as a live-action short. It sounds easy enough. The term "scripted" is a bit vague because the short films have been primarily improvised. However, this category is for original and adapted works that provide a made-up story in which actors take on the roles of people other than themselves.  Live-action short films were a common way for many of the famous and beloved filmmakers of today to launch their careers. Even Taika Waititi's short film  Two Cars, One Night received an Oscar nomination.

Documentary Short: 

A documentary short is like a documentary film but shorter. Unlike other genres of short films (which often feel like “journey films” for creators before they move on to other endeavors), many documentarians stay in the shorts genre because not all documentaries need to be a full-length feature length. For example, the award-winning film director and documentarian Charles Guggenheim earned nine Academy Award nominations and won three of them.

Animated Short:

In any form of animation, from traditional 2D shorts to stop motion animations, computer 3D and other techniques, animated videos are used for the length of their running time. It's just going to have to be animated. And that's got to be short. Short films, especially animated short films, have spread throughout the animation community and can serve as a calling card for animators because they often make it easier for an individual artist to produce them than live action films.