Sound Design

Introduction

Sound Design is the process of recording, editing, and mixing various sound elements and musical pieces for all types of audio-visual media, including a Feature Film, Television, Advertisements, Video Games, and Live Performances, like theatre. For sound design to work, a Sound Designer and sound design team must know a variety of sound techniques and elements and when to use them. Sound design is a film, sound effects, or both that are combined and manipulated to create a sound design element. The sound design element plays a significant role in the audio production of specific scenes of a Movie, TV series, Play, Advertisement, or Trailer of a film.

History of Sound Design

Possibly the First Use of Recorded Sound in the Theatre was a phonograph playing a baby's cry in a London theatre in 1890.  Sixteen years later, Herbert Beerbohm Tree used recordings in his London production of Stephen Phillips’ tragedy NERO. The event is marked in the Theatre Magazine (1906) with two photographs; one showing a musician blowing a bugle into a large horn attached to a disc recorder, the other with an actor recording the agonizing shrieks and groans of the tortured martyrs.

 Whilst the term Sound Designer was not yet in use, some stage managers specialized as "effects men", creating and performing offstage sound effects using a mix of vocal mimicry, mechanical and electrical contraptions, and gramophone records. A great deal of care and attention was paid to the construction and performance of these effects, both naturalistic and abstract. Over the twentieth century, the use of recorded sound effects began to replace live sound effects, though often it was the stage manager's duty to find the sound effects, and an electrician played the recordings during the performance.

Digital Technology In Sound Design:

MIDI and Digital Audio Technology have contributed to the evolution of sound production techniques in the 1980s and 1990s. Digital audio workstations (DAW) and a variety of digital signal processing algorithms applied in them allow more complicated soundtracks with more tracks as well as auditory effects to be realized. Features such as unlimited undo and sample-level editing allows fine control over the soundtracks.

 In theatre sound, features of computerized theatre sound design systems have also been recognized as being essential for live show control systems at Walt Disney World and, as a result, Disney utilized systems of that type to control many facilities at their Disney-MGM Studios theme park, which opened in 1989. These features were incorporated into the MIDI Show Control (MSC) specification, an open communications protocol used to interact with diverse devices. The first show to fully utilize the MSC specification was the Magic Kingdom Parade at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in September 1991.

In Motion Picture Production, a Sound Editor or a Sound Designer is a member of a film crew responsible for the entirety or some specific parts of a Film's Soundtrack. In the American Film Industry, the title Sound Designer is not controlled by any professional organization, unlike titles such as Film Director or Screenwriter.

The terms sound design and sound designer began to be used in the Motion Picture Industry in 1969. At that time, The title of Sound Designer was first granted to Walter Murch by Francis Ford Coppola in recognition for Murch's contributions to the film The Rain People (1969) . The original meaning of the title Sound Designer, as established by Coppola and Murch, was an individual ultimately responsible for all aspects of a film's audio track, from the dialogue and sound effects recording to the re-recording of the final track.  

The term sound designer has replaced monikers like supervising sound editor or re-recording mixer for what was essentially the same position as the head designer of the final soundtrack. Editors and mixers like Murray Spivack (King Kong), George Groves (The Jazz Singer), James G. Stewart (Citizen Kane), and Carl Faulkner (Journey to the Center of the Earth) served in this capacity during Hollywood's studio era, and are generally considered to be sound designers by a different name. The position of  Sound Designer therefore emerged like that of production designer, which was created in the 1930s when William Cameron Menzies made revolutionary contributions to the craft of art direction in the making of Gone with the Wind.

New Adoptations in Sound Designing

Cinema sound systems became capable of high-fidelity reproduction, particularly after the adoption of Dolby Stereo. Before Stereo Soundtracks, film sound was of such low fidelity that only the dialogue and occasional sound effects were practical. These sound systems were originally devised as gimmicks to increase theatre attendance, but their widespread implementation created a content vacuum that had to be filled by competent professionals. The greater dynamic range of the new systems, coupled with the ability to produce sounds at the sides, behind, or above the audience, provided the Audio Post Production team new opportunities for creative expression in film sound.

Some film directors were interested in realizing the new potential of the medium. A new generation of filmmakers, the so-called Easy Riders and Raging Bulls —Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, and others—were aware of the creative potential of sound and wanted to use it.

Responsibilities of a Sound Designer

When a Sound Designer and a sound design team are brought in to do the sound design work of a television, film, or advertising production, their first step is to study the script of the production. This will help them understand the different emotions, tones, and feelings that will come from the production to determine what music and audio elements will work best.

 The Film Directors and Film Producers may have their ideas and visions for some of the music and sound effects they want to have included in the production. Because of this, the sound designer and sound design team need to meet with the film directors and producers to make sure they include important elements in the music and sound effects of the film production that the movie directors and film producers want to have included.

 A  Sound Designer will be responsible for leading the sound design team. The sound design team will consist of various positions, including Foley Artists, audio engineers, dialogue editors, music editors, and various other roles. Each member of the sound design team will have an important part in the overall sound design of a production.

 The sound design team will be responsible for setting up the sound playback equipment to ensure it works properly during movie production. They will also make sure the soundboard operator is properly trained. The last thing the sound design team will want to have happen is for the equipment or soundboard operator to fail during recording.

 Once production has finished, the sound design team will need to take the audio files and match them to the visuals. The team will need to be familiar with video editing software to ensure the music or voice-over, matches the visuals.