Screenplay

Definition

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A screenplay, or script, is a written work by screenwriters for a film, television show, or video game (as opposed to a stage play). A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay. Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. A screenplay is a form of narration in which the movements, actions, expressions and dialogue of the characters are described in a certain format. Visual or cinematographic cues may be given, as well as scene descriptions and scene changes.

History of Screenplay

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In the early silent era, before the turn of the 20th century, scripts for films in the United States were usually a synopsis of a film of around one paragraph and sometimes as short as one sentence. Shortly thereafter, as films grew in length and complexity, film scenarios (also called "treatments" or "synopses” were written to provide narrative coherence that had previously been improvised.  Films such as A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The Great Train Robbery (1903) had scenarios consisting respectively of a list of scene headings or scene headings with a detailed explication of the action in each scene. At this time, scripts had yet to include individual shots or dialogue.

These scenario scripts evolved into continuity film scripts, which listed several film shots within each scene, thus providing continuity to streamline the filmmaking process.  While some productions, notably D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915), were made without a script, preapproved continuities allowed the increasingly powerful studio executives to more accurately budget for film productions. FIlm industry revolutionary Thomas H. Ince, a screenwriter himself, invented movie production by introducing an assembly line system of filmmaking that utilized far more detailed written materials, clearly dedicated to "separating conception from execution".

Format and Style of Screenplay

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Page from a screenplay, showing dialogue and action descriptions, as well as scene cuts the format is structured so that one page equates to roughly one minute of screen time, though this often bears little resemblance to the runtime of the final movie production.  The standard font is 12 points, 10 pitch Courier typeface.  Wide margins of at least one inch are employed (usually larger for the left to accommodate whole punches).

The major components are action (sometimes called screen direction) and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense and is limited to what can be heard or seen by the audience, for example, descriptions of settings, character movements, or sound
effects. The dialogue is the words the characters speak and is written in a center column.

Scrrenplay Formats

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Screenplays and teleplays use a set of standardizations, beginning with proper formatting. These rules are in part to serve the practical purpose of making scripts uniformly readable blueprints of movies, and also to serve as a way of distinguishing a film professional from an amateur.

Feature Film Formats:

The screenplay for the film The Godfather Part II(1974), written by Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo, held at the National Museum of Cinema in Italy.

Motion picture screenplays intended for submission to mainstream studios, whether in the US or elsewhere in the world, are expected to conform to a standard typographical style known widely as the studio format which stipulates how elements of the screenplay such as scene headings, action, transitions, dialogue, character names, shots and the parenthetical matter should be presented on the page, as well as font size and line spacing.

There is no single standard for studio format. Some studios have definitions of the required format written into the rubric of their writer's contract. The Nicholl Fellowship, a screenwriting competition run under the auspices of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, has a guide to screenplay format.  A more detailed reference is The complete Guide to standard script formats.

Speculative Screenplay:

A speculative screenplay or spec script is a script written to be sold on the open market with no upfront payment, or promise of payment. The content is usually invented solely by the screenwriter, though specific screenplays can also be based on established works or real people and events.

Television Formats:

For American TV shows, the format rules for hour-long dramas and single-camera sitcoms are essentially the same as for motion pictures. The main difference is that  TV scripts have act breaks. Multi-camera sitcoms use a different, specialized format that derives from stage plays and radio. In this format, dialogue is double-spaced, action lines are capitalized, and scene headings, character entrances and exits, and sound effects are capitalized and underlined.

Drama series and sitcoms are no longer the only formats that require the skills of a film script writer. With reality-based programming crossing genres to create various hybrid programs, many of the so-called "reality" programs are in large part scripted in format. That is, the overall skeleton of the show and its episodes are written to dictate the content and direction of the program.  The Writers Guild of America has identified this as a legitimate writer's medium, so much so that they have lobbied to impose jurisdiction over writers and producers who "format" reality-based productions. Creating reality show formats involves a storytelling structure similar to screenwriting, but much more condensed and boiled down to specific plot points or actions related to the overall concept and story.

Documentaries Format:

The script format for documentaries and audio-visual presentations which consist largely of voice-over matched to still or moving pictures is different again and uses a two-column format which can be particularly difficult to achieve in standard word processors, at least when it comes to editing or rewriting. Many script-editing software programs include templates for documentary formats.

Screenwriting To Software:

Various screenwriting software packages are available to help screenwriters adhere to strict formatting conventions. Detailed computer programs are designed specifically to format screenplays, teleplays, and stage plays. Such packages include BPC-Screenplay, Celtx, Fade In, Final Draft, FiveSprockets, Montage, Movie Draft SE, Movie Magic Screenwriter, Movie Outline 3.0, Scrivener, and Zhura. Software is also available as web applications, accessible from any computer, and on mobile devices, such as Fade in Mobile Scripts Pro Studio Binder, and WriterDuet, which is available as a mobile application and a website.

The first screenwriting software was SmartKey, a macro program that sent strings of commands to existing word processing programs, such as WordStar, WordPerfect, and Microsoft Word. SmartKey was popular with screenwriters from 1982 to 1987, after which word processing programs had their macro features.

Script Coverage:

Script coverage is a filmmaking term for the analysis and grading of screenplays, often within the script development department of a production company. While coverage may remain entirely verbal, it usually takes the form of a written report, guided by a rubric that varies from company to company. The original idea behind coverage was that a producer's assistant could read a script and then give their producer a breakdown of the project and suggest whether they should consider producing the screenplay or not.